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M'malo mwake, kupopera kwa laser ndi njira yopatsa mphamvu sing'anga kuti ikwaniritse malo omwe imatha kutulutsa kuwala kwa laser.Izi zimachitika pobaya kuwala kapena mphamvu yamagetsi pakati, kusangalatsa maatomu ake ndikupangitsa kutulutsa kwa kuwala kogwirizana.Njira yokhazikitsira iyi yasintha kwambiri kuyambira pomwe ma lasers oyamba afika pakati pa zaka za zana la 20.
Ngakhale nthawi zambiri amatsatiridwa ndi ma equation, kupopera kwa laser ndi njira yamakina ambiri.Zimakhudza kuyanjana kwamphamvu pakati pa ma photon ndi ma atomiki kapena mamolekyu a njira yopezera phindu.Zitsanzo zapamwamba zimaganizira zochitika ngati Rabi oscillations, zomwe zimapereka kumvetsetsa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kuyanjana uku.
Kupopera kwa laser ndi njira yomwe mphamvu, nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati kuwala kapena magetsi, imaperekedwa kwa laser's gain medium kuti ikweze maatomu kapena mamolekyu ake kumayiko apamwamba.Kutengerapo mphamvu kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu azitha kusintha, m'dera lomwe tinthu tambiri timasangalala kwambiri kuposa momwe tikukhalamo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sing'angayo iwonjezere kuwala kudzera muulamuliro.Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuyanjana kwa kuchuluka kwachulukidwe, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatsatiridwa ndi ma equation kapena makina apamwamba kwambiri.Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi kusankha gwero la mpope (monga ma diode a laser kapena nyali zotulutsa), geometry yapampu (kupopera m'mbali kapena kumapeto), komanso kukhathamiritsa kwa mawonekedwe a pampu (mawonekedwe, mphamvu, mtengo wamtengo, polarization) kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira za kupeza medium.Kupopera kwa laser ndikofunikira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya laser, kuphatikiza solid-state, semiconductor, ndi ma lasers agasi, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti laser igwire bwino ntchito.
Mitundu ya Ma laser Optically Pumped
1. Ma Laser a Solid-State okhala ndi Ma insulators a Doped
· Chidule:Ma lasers awa amagwiritsa ntchito sing'anga yotsekera magetsi ndipo amadalira kupopera kwa kuwala kuti apatse mphamvu ma ion a laser.Chitsanzo chofala ndi neodymium mu YAG lasers.
·Kafukufuku Waposachedwa:Kafukufuku wa A. Antipov et al.imakambirana za laser yolimba-state pafupi ndi IR yopopera ma spin-exchange Optical pumping.Kafukufukuyu akuwunikira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa laser-state, makamaka pafupi ndi ma infrared spectrum, omwe ndi ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ngati kujambula kwachipatala ndi kulumikizana ndi matelefoni.
Kuwerenganso:Laser Yolimba-State Near-IR Laser ya Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping
2. Semiconductor Lasers
·Zambiri: Nthawi zambiri amapopedwa ndi magetsi, ma semiconductor lasers amathanso kupindula ndi kupopera kwa kuwala, makamaka pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kuwala kwakukulu, monga Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VECSELs).
·Zomwe Zachitika Posachedwapa: Ntchito ya U. Keller pa zisa za ma frequency optical frequency kuchokera ku ultrafast solid-state ndi semiconductor lasers zimapereka chidziwitso pakubadwa kwa zisa zokhazikika zochokera ku diode-pumped solid-state ndi semiconductor lasers.Kupititsa patsogolo uku ndikofunikira pamagwiritsidwe ntchito a optical frequency metrology.
Kuwerenganso:Optical frequency zisa kuchokera ku ultrafast solid-state ndi semiconductor lasers
3. Magesi a Laser
·Kupopa Pamaso mu Ma Laser a Gasi: Mitundu ina ya ma laser a gasi, monga ma laser vapor alkali, amagwiritsa ntchito kupopera kwamagetsi.Ma lasers awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamagwiritsidwe omwe amafunikira magwero owunikira omwe ali ndi zinthu zinazake.
Magwero a Optical Pumping
Nyali Zotulutsa: Zodziwika mu ma lasers opopa nyali, nyali zotulutsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zazikulu komanso mawonekedwe otakata.YA Mandryko et al.adapanga mtundu wamagetsi otulutsa zotulutsa za arc mu media media optical pumping xenon nyali zama lasers olimba.Mtunduwu umathandizira kukhathamiritsa kwa nyali zopopera zotengera, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti laser igwire bwino ntchito.
Laser Diodes:Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi opopa ma diode, ma laser diode amapereka zabwino monga kuchita bwino kwambiri, kukula kophatikizika, komanso kutha kuyitanitsidwa bwino.
Werenganinso:laser diode ndi chiyani?
Ma Flash Nyali: Nyali zowala ndi zowala kwambiri, zowoneka bwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera ma laser olimba, monga ma ruby kapena Nd:YAG lasers.Amapereka kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri komwe kumasangalatsa sing'anga ya laser.
Arc Nyali: Mofanana ndi nyali zowunikira koma zopangidwira kuti zizigwira ntchito mosalekeza, nyali za arc zimapereka gwero lokhazikika la kuwala kwakukulu.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagwiritsidwe pomwe ntchito ya laser continuous wave (CW) ikufunika.
Ma LED (Light Emitting Diodes): Ngakhale sizodziwika ngati ma diode a laser, ma LED atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popopera kuwala muzinthu zina zotsika mphamvu.Iwo ndi opindulitsa chifukwa cha moyo wawo wautali, mtengo wotsika, ndi kupezeka kwa mafunde osiyanasiyana.
Kuwala kwa dzuwa: M'magawo ena oyesera, kuwala kwadzuwa kokhazikika kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la mpope la ma laser opopa dzuwa.Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yowonjezereka komanso yotsika mtengo, ngakhale kuti imakhala yochepa kwambiri komanso imakhala yochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi magetsi opangira magetsi.
Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes: Awa ndi ma diode a laser ophatikizidwa ndi ulusi wa kuwala, omwe amapereka kuwala kwa mpope mogwira mtima kwambiri pakatikati pa laser.Njirayi ndiyothandiza makamaka pamagetsi a fiber lasers komanso munthawi yomwe kuwala kwapampu ndikofunikira.
Ma laser ena: Nthawi zina, laser imodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera ina.Mwachitsanzo, kuwirikiza kawiri kawiri Nd: YAG laser angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupopera utoto laser.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamene mafunde enieni amafunikira pa kupopera komwe sikutheka mosavuta ndi magwero a kuwala.
Diode-pumped solid-state laser
Gwero Loyamba la Mphamvu: Njirayi imayamba ndi diode laser, yomwe imakhala ngati gwero la mpope.Ma laser a diode amasankhidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo, kukula kwake kophatikizika, komanso kuthekera kotulutsa kuwala pamafunde enaake.
Pampu Kuwala:Laser ya diode imatulutsa kuwala komwe kumatengedwa ndi olimba-state gain medium.Kutalika kwa mafunde a laser diode amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi mayamwidwe a sing'anga yopindula.
Dziko LolimbaPezani Medium
Zofunika:Njira yopezera ma lasers a DPSS nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba ngati Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet), Nd:YVO4 (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Orthovanadate), kapena Yb:YAG (Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet).
Doping:Zidazi zimayikidwa ndi ma ion achilendo padziko lapansi (monga Nd kapena Yb), omwe ndi ma ion a laser.
Mayamwidwe ndi Mphamvu:Kuwala kwa mpope kuchokera ku diode laser kukalowa mu sing'anga yopeza, ma ion osowa padziko lapansi amatenga mphamvu izi ndikusangalala kumayiko apamwamba kwambiri.
Population Inversion
Kukwaniritsa Kusintha kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu:Chinsinsi cha kuchitapo kanthu kwa laser ndikukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa anthu munjira yopeza.Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma ions ambiri ali mumkhalidwe wokondwa kuposa momwe zilili pansi.
Kutulutsa Kolimbikitsidwa:Pamene kusinthika kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kumapindula, kuyambitsidwa kwa photon yogwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maiko okondwa ndi apansi kungapangitse ma ions okondwa kubwerera ku nthaka, kutulutsa chithunzithunzi mu ndondomekoyi.
Optical Resonator
Magalasi: Sing'anga yopindula imayikidwa mkati mwa chowunikira chowunikira, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi magalasi awiri kumapeto kwa sing'anga.
Ndemanga ndi Kukulitsa: Imodzi mwa kalirole imayang'ana kwambiri, ndipo ina imawunikira pang'ono.Zithunzi zimayenda uku ndi uku pakati pa magalasi amenewa, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mpweya utuluke komanso kukulitsa kuwalako.
Kutulutsa kwa Laser
Kuwala Kogwirizana: Ma photon omwe amatulutsidwa amakhala ogwirizana, kutanthauza kuti ali mu gawo ndipo ali ndi kutalika kofanana.
Zotulutsa: Kalilore wonyezimira pang'ono amalola kuwala kwina kudutsamo, ndikupanga kuwala kwa laser komwe kumatuluka pa DPSS laser.
Kupopa Ma Geometri: Mbali vs. Kumaliza Kupopa
| Njira Yopopera | Kufotokozera | Mapulogalamu | Ubwino wake | Zovuta |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kupopa Pambali | Kuwala kwapampu kunayambitsa perpendicular kwa laser medium | Ndodo kapena fiber lasers | Kugawa kofanana kwa kuwala kwapampu, koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri | Kugawa kopanda yunifolomu, kutsika kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali |
| Kumaliza Kupopa | Kuwala kwapampu kumayendetsedwa motsatira njira yofanana ndi mtengo wa laser | Ma lasers olimba ngati Nd:YAG | Kugawa kwamtundu umodzi, mtengo wapamwamba wa mtengo | Kuyanjanitsa kovutirapo, kutha kwa kutentha kosakwanira mu ma laser amphamvu kwambiri |
Zofunikira pakuwala kwapampu kogwira mtima
| Chofunikira | Kufunika | Zotsatira / Kusamalitsa | Mfundo Zowonjezera |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kukwanira kwa Spectrum | Wavelength iyenera kufanana ndi mayamwidwe a sing'anga ya laser | Imawonetsetsa kuyamwa moyenera komanso kusintha kwabwino kwa anthu | - |
| Kulimba | Ayenera kukhala okwera mokwanira kuti akwaniritse mulingo womwe mukufuna | Kuthamanga kwambiri kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa kutentha;kutsika kwambiri sikungakwaniritse kuchuluka kwa anthu | - |
| Beam Quality | Zofunikira kwambiri pama lasers opopera omaliza | Imawonetsetsa kulumikizana koyenera ndipo imathandizira kuti mtengo wamtengo wa laser wotulutsidwa | Kuwala kwamtengo wapamwamba ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kuwala kwapampu ndi kuchuluka kwa laser mode |
| Polarization | Zofunikira pazofalitsa zomwe zili ndi anisotropic | Imawonjezera mayamwidwe ndipo imatha kukhudza polarization ya kuwala kwa laser | Malo enieni a polarization angakhale ofunikira |
| Phokoso Lamphamvu | Phokoso lochepa ndilofunika kwambiri | Kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ya kuwala kwa pampu kumatha kusokoneza kutulutsa kwa laser komanso kukhazikika | Zofunikira pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kukhazikika komanso kulondola kwambiri |
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-01-2023