Lembetsani ku Social Media Yathu Kuti Mutumize Posachedwa
M'dziko lopita patsogolo lachitukuko chaukadaulo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma laser kwakula kwambiri, kusinthira mafakitale ndi ntchito monga kudula kwa laser, kuwotcherera, kuyika chizindikiro, ndi kuphimba.Komabe, kukulitsa uku kwavumbulutsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakudziwitsa zachitetezo ndi maphunziro pakati pa mainjiniya ndi ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo, kuwulula anthu ambiri akutsogolo ku radiation ya laser popanda kuzindikira zoopsa zomwe zingachitike.Nkhaniyi ikufuna kuwunikira kufunikira kwa maphunziro achitetezo a laser, zotsatira zachilengedwe za kuwonekera kwa laser, komanso njira zodzitchinjiriza zoteteza omwe akugwira ntchito ndi ukadaulo wa laser kapena kuzungulira.
Kufunika Kwambiri kwa Maphunziro a Chitetezo cha Laser
Maphunziro achitetezo a laser ndi ofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo chogwira ntchito komanso luso la kuwotcherera kwa laser ndi ntchito zina zofananira.Kuwala kwambiri, kutentha, ndi mpweya woopsa womwe umapangidwa panthawi ya laser umakhala pachiwopsezo chaumoyo kwa ogwira ntchito.Maphunziro a chitetezo amaphunzitsa mainjiniya ndi ogwira ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera zida zodzitetezera (PPE), monga magalasi oteteza ndi zishango zamaso, ndi njira zopewera kuwonetseredwa kwa laser mwachindunji kapena mosalunjika, kuonetsetsa chitetezo chokwanira cha maso ndi khungu lawo.
Kumvetsetsa Zowopsa za Lasers
Biological Zotsatira za Lasers
Ma laser amatha kuwononga kwambiri khungu, zomwe zimafunikira chitetezo cha khungu.Komabe, vuto lalikulu lagona pa kuwonongeka kwa maso.Kuwonetsedwa kwa laser kumatha kubweretsa kutentha, kwamayimbidwe, ndi zithunzi:
Kutentha:Kupanga kutentha ndi kuyamwa kungayambitse kutentha kwa khungu ndi maso.
Amayimbidwe: Mawotchi amawotchi amatha kupangitsa kuti vaporization iwonongeke komanso kuwonongeka kwa minofu.
Photochemical: Mafunde ena amatha kuyambitsa kusintha kwamankhwala, komwe kungayambitse ng'ala, zilonda zam'maso kapena retina, ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa yapakhungu.
Zotsatira zapakhungu zimatha kukhala zofiira pang'ono ndi zowawa mpaka kuyaka kwa digiri yachitatu, kutengera gulu la laser, kutalika kwa kugunda, kubwerezabwereza, komanso kutalika kwa mafunde.
| Wavelength Range | Zotsatira za pathological |
| 180-315nm (UV-B, UV-C) | Photokeratitis ili ngati kupsa ndi dzuwa, koma kumachitika m'diso. |
| 315-400nm(UV-A) | Photochemical cataract (kuwonongeka kwa lens ya diso) |
| 400-780nm (Zowoneka) | Kuwonongeka kwa chithunzi cha retina, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti retinal burn, kumachitika pamene retina imavulazidwa chifukwa cha kuwala. |
| 780-1400nm (Near-IR) | Cataract, kutupa kwa retina |
| 1.4-3.0μm(IR) | Kuphulika kwamadzi (mapuloteni mu nthabwala zamadzimadzi), ng'ala, kutentha kwa cornea Kuphulika kwamadzi ndi pamene mapuloteni amawonekera m'maso amadzimadzi.Mng'ala ndi diso la diso, ndipo kutentha kwa cornea ndiko kuwonongeka kwa cornea, kutsogolo kwa diso. |
| 3.0μm-1 mm | Kuwotcha kwamoto |
Kuwonongeka kwa maso, chomwe chimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri, chimasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwa mwana, mtundu, kutalika kwa kugunda kwa mtima, komanso kutalika kwa mafunde.Mafunde osiyanasiyana amalowa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a maso, kuwononga cornea, lens, kapena retina.Kuyang'ana kwa diso kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu pa retina, kupangitsa kuti mawonekedwe ocheperako azitha kuwononga kwambiri retina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa maso kapena khungu.
Zowopsa Zapakhungu
Kuyang'ana pakhungu ndi laser kungayambitse kuyaka, zidzolo, matuza, ndi kusintha kwa mtundu, zomwe zitha kuwononga minofu ya subcutaneous.Mafunde osiyanasiyana amalowera kuya mosiyanasiyana pakhungu.
Laser Safety Standard
GB72471.1-2001
GB7247.1-2001, yotchedwa "Safety of laser products-Gawo 1: Gulu la zida, zofunikira, ndi kalozera wa ogwiritsa ntchito," imakhazikitsa malamulo okhudza chitetezo, zofunikira, ndi chitsogozo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito okhudzana ndi mankhwala a laser.Mulingo uwu udakhazikitsidwa pa Meyi 1, 2002, ndicholinga chofuna kuonetsetsa chitetezo m'magawo osiyanasiyana omwe zinthu za laser zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga m'mafakitale, malonda, zosangalatsa, kafukufuku, maphunziro, ndi zamankhwala.Komabe, idasinthidwa ndi GB 7247.1-2012(ChineseStandard) (Kodi China) (OpenSTD).
GB18151-2000
GB18151-2000, yomwe imadziwika kuti "Laser alonda," idangoyang'ana pazomwe zimafunikira komanso zofunikira pazithunzi zoteteza laser zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsekera malo ogwirira ntchito a makina opangira laser.Njira zodzitchinjirizazi zidaphatikizanso njira zazitali komanso zosakhalitsa monga makatani a laser ndi makoma kuti atsimikizire chitetezo panthawi yogwira ntchito.Muyezo, womwe unaperekedwa pa Julayi 2, 2000, ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Januware 2, 2001, pambuyo pake udasinthidwa ndi GB/T 18151-2008.Idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zowonetsera zodzitchinjiriza, kuphatikiza zowonekera zowonekera ndi mazenera, ndicholinga chowunika ndikuyimitsa chitetezo cha zowonera izi (Kodi China) (OpenSTD) (Antpedia)..
GB18217-2000
GB18217-2000, yotchedwa "Zizindikiro zachitetezo cha Laser," idakhazikitsa zitsogozo zamawonekedwe oyambira, zizindikiro, mitundu, miyeso, mawu ofotokozera, ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito zizindikilo zomwe zimapangidwira kuteteza anthu kuvulazidwa ndi ma radiation ya laser.Zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu za laser komanso malo omwe zinthu za laser zimapangidwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikusamalidwa.Muyezowu udakhazikitsidwa pa June 1, 2001, koma kuyambira pamenepo wasinthidwa ndi GB 2894-2008, "Safety Signs and Guideline for the Use," kuyambira pa October 1, 2009.(Kodi China) (OpenSTD) (Antpedia)..
Zigawo Zowopsa za Laser
Ma laser amagawidwa malinga ndi zomwe zingawononge maso ndi khungu la munthu.Ma laser amphamvu kwambiri m'mafakitale otulutsa ma radiation osawoneka (kuphatikiza ma semiconductor lasers ndi CO2 lasers) amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.Miyezo yachitetezo imayika magawo onse a laser, ndilaser fiberzotuluka nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa ngati Gulu 4, zomwe zikuwonetsa chiopsezo chachikulu.Pazotsatirazi, tikambirana zamagulu achitetezo a laser kuyambira Class 1 mpaka Class 4.
Class 1 Laser Product
Laser Class 1 imatengedwa kuti ndi yotetezeka kuti aliyense azigwiritsa ntchito ndikuyang'ana momwe zilili bwino.Izi zikutanthauza kuti simudzavulazidwa poyang'ana laser yotere mwachindunji kapena kudzera pazida zokulirapo wamba monga ma telescopes kapena maikulosikopu.Miyezo yachitetezo imayang'ana izi pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo enieni okhudza kukula kwa kuwala kwa laser komanso kuti muyenera kukhala patali bwanji kuti muwone bwinobwino.Koma, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ma laser ena a Class 1 akhoza kukhalabe owopsa ngati muwayang'ana kudzera pa magalasi okulira amphamvu kwambiri chifukwa amatha kusonkhanitsa kuwala kwa laser kuposa masiku onse.Nthawi zina, zinthu monga ma CD kapena ma DVD osewera amalembedwa kuti Class 1 chifukwa ali ndi laser yamphamvu mkati, koma amapangidwa m'njira yoti palibe kuwala koyipa komwe kungatuluke pakagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupipafupi.
Laser yathu ya Class 1:Erbium Doped Glass Laser, Mbiri ya L1535 Rangefinder
Class 1M Laser Product
Laser ya Class 1M nthawi zambiri imakhala yotetezeka ndipo siyingavulaze maso anu mukamagwiritsa ntchito bwino, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mutha kuyigwiritsa ntchito popanda chitetezo chapadera.Komabe, izi zimasintha ngati mugwiritsa ntchito zida monga ma microscopes kapena ma telescopes kuti muyang'ane pa laser.Zida izi zimatha kuyang'ana mtengo wa laser ndikuupangitsa kukhala wamphamvu kuposa zomwe zimawonedwa kuti ndizotetezeka.Ma laser a Class 1M ali ndi mizati yomwe imakhala yotakata kwambiri kapena yofalikira.Nthawi zambiri, kuwala kochokera ku ma laser awa sikudutsa magawo otetezeka kukalowa m'maso mwanu mwachindunji.Koma ngati mugwiritsa ntchito magnifying Optics, amatha kusonkhanitsa kuwala m'maso mwanu, zomwe zingapangitse ngozi.Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuwala kwachindunji kwa Class 1M laser ndikotetezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi ma optics ena kumatha kukhala koopsa, kofanana ndi ma laser Class 3B omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Class 2 Laser Product
Laser Class 2 ndi yotetezeka kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa imagwira ntchito m'njira yoti ngati wina ayang'ana mwangozi mu laser, momwe amachitira mwachilengedwe kuphethira kapena kuyang'ana kutali ndi magetsi owala kumawateteza.Njira yodzitchinjiriza iyi imagwira ntchito pakuwonekera mpaka masekondi 0.25.Ma lasers awa ali mu mawonekedwe owoneka, omwe ali pakati pa 400 ndi 700 nanometers mu kutalika kwa mawonekedwe.Ali ndi malire a 1 milliwatt (mW) ngati amatulutsa kuwala mosalekeza.Atha kukhala amphamvu kwambiri ngati amatulutsa kuwala kwa masekondi ochepera 0.25 nthawi imodzi kapena ngati kuwala kwawo sikunayang'ane kwambiri.Komabe, kupewa dala kuphethira kapena kuyang'ana kutali ndi laser kumatha kuwononga maso.Zida monga zolozera za laser ndi zida zoyezera mtunda zimagwiritsa ntchito ma laser a Class 2.
Class 2M Laser Product
Laser ya Class 2M nthawi zambiri imadziwika kuti ndi yotetezeka m'maso mwanu chifukwa cha reflex yanu yachilengedwe, yomwe imakuthandizani kuti musayang'ane magetsi owala kwa nthawi yayitali.Laser yamtunduwu, yofanana ndi Class 1M, imatulutsa kuwala komwe kumakhala kotambalala kwambiri kapena kufalikira mwachangu, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa laser komwe kumalowa m'diso kudzera mwa mwana kupita kumagulu otetezeka, malinga ndi miyezo ya Class 2.Komabe, chitetezochi chimangogwira ntchito ngati simukugwiritsa ntchito zida zilizonse zowonera monga magalasi okulira kapena ma telescopes kuti muwone laser.Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito zida zotere, zimatha kuyang'ana kuwala kwa laser ndikuwonjezera ngozi m'maso mwanu.
Class 3R Laser Product
Laser ya Class 3R imafuna kugwiridwa mosamala chifukwa ngakhale ili yotetezeka, kuyang'ana molunjika mumtengo kungakhale kowopsa.Mtundu uwu wa laser ukhoza kutulutsa kuwala kochuluka kuposa momwe umaganiziridwa kuti ndi wotetezeka kwathunthu, koma mwayi wovulazidwa umawonekabe wochepa ngati uli wochenjera.Kwa ma lasers omwe mumatha kuwona (mu mawonekedwe owoneka bwino), ma laser a Class 3R amangokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa 5 milliwatts (mW).Pali malire osiyanasiyana otetezera ma lasers a kutalika kwa mafunde ena komanso ma lasers a pulsed, omwe amatha kuloleza kutulutsa kwakukulu pamikhalidwe inayake.Chinsinsi chogwiritsa ntchito laser Class 3R mosamala ndikupewa kuwona mtengowo ndikutsata malangizo aliwonse otetezedwa operekedwa.
Class 3B Laser Product
Laser ya Class 3B ikhoza kukhala yowopsa ngati igunda m'maso mwachindunji, koma ngati kuwala kwa laser kutsika pamalo olimba ngati pepala, sikuvulaza.Kwa ma lasers osalekeza omwe amagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana (kuchokera ku 315 nanometers mpaka infrared yakutali), mphamvu yayikulu yololedwa ndi theka la watt (0.5 W).Kwa ma lasers omwe amatulutsa ndi kuzimitsa pamtundu wowoneka bwino (400 mpaka 700 nanometers), sayenera kupitirira mamiliyoule 30 (mJ) pa kugunda kulikonse.Pali malamulo osiyanasiyana a lasers amitundu ina komanso ma pulses aafupi kwambiri.Mukamagwiritsa ntchito laser Class 3B, nthawi zambiri mumafunika kuvala magalasi oteteza kuti maso anu akhale otetezeka.Ma lasers awa amayeneranso kukhala ndi chosinthira makiyi ndi loko yachitetezo kuti asagwiritse ntchito mwangozi.Ngakhale ma laser a Class 3B amapezeka pazida ngati olemba ma CD ndi ma DVD, zidazi zimatengedwa ngati Gulu 1 chifukwa laser ili mkati ndipo sangathe kuthawa.
Class 4 Laser Product
Ma laser a Class 4 ndiye amphamvu kwambiri komanso owopsa.Ndiwolimba kuposa ma laser a Class 3B ndipo amatha kuvulaza kwambiri ngati kuyaka khungu kapena kuwononga diso kosatha kuchokera pamtengo uliwonse, kaya mwachindunji, kuwonekera, kapena kumwazikana.Ma lasers awa amatha kuyambitsa moto ngati agunda china chake choyaka.Chifukwa cha zoopsazi, ma laser a Class 4 amafunikira chitetezo chokhazikika, kuphatikiza chosinthira makiyi ndi loko yotchingira chitetezo.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, sayansi, zankhondo, ndi zamankhwala.Kwa ma laser azachipatala, ndikofunikira kudziwa mtunda wachitetezo ndi malo kuti mupewe ngozi zamaso.Kusamala kowonjezereka kumafunika kuti musamalire ndikuwongolera mtengowo kuti mupewe ngozi.
Label Chitsanzo cha Pulsed Fiber Laser Kuchokera ku LumiSpot
Momwe mungadzitetezere ku zoopsa za laser
Nawa kufotokozera kosavuta momwe mungatetezere bwino ku zoopsa za laser, zokonzedwa ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana:
Kwa Opanga Laser:
Asamapereke zida za laser zokha (monga zodulira laser, zowotcherera m'manja, ndi makina oyika chizindikiro) komanso zida zofunika zotetezera monga magalasi, zikwangwani, malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mosamala, ndi zida zophunzitsira zachitetezo.Ndi gawo laudindo wawo kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ali otetezeka komanso odziwitsidwa.
Kwa Integrators:
Nyumba Zodzitchinjiriza ndi Zipinda Zachitetezo cha Laser: Chipangizo chilichonse cha laser chiyenera kukhala ndi nyumba zoteteza kuti anthu asawonekere ku radiation yowopsa ya laser.
Zolepheretsa ndi Chitetezo Chotsekera: Zida ziyenera kukhala ndi zotchinga ndi zotchingira chitetezo kuti zipewe kukhudzidwa ndi milingo yoyipa ya laser.
Olamulira Ofunika: Machitidwe omwe amadziwika kuti Class 3B ndi 4 ayenera kukhala ndi olamulira ofunikira kuti aletse kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, kuonetsetsa chitetezo.
Kwa Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mapeto:
Management: Ma laser ayenera kuyendetsedwa ndi akatswiri ophunzitsidwa okha.Osaphunzitsidwa sayenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito.
Kusintha Kofunikira: Ikani makiyi osinthira pazida za laser kuti muwonetsetse kuti atha kutsegulidwa ndi kiyi, ndikuwonjezera chitetezo.
Kuunikira ndi Kuyika: Onetsetsani kuti zipinda zokhala ndi ma lasers zili ndi kuyatsa kowala komanso kuti ma laser ayikidwa pamalo okwera ndi ngodya zomwe zimapewa kuyang'ana mwachindunji.
Kuyang'anira Zachipatala:
Ogwira ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma laser Class 3B ndi 4 akuyenera kuyesedwa pafupipafupi ndi anthu oyenerera kuti atsimikizire chitetezo chawo.
Chitetezo cha LaserMaphunziro:
Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuphunzitsidwa za kachitidwe ka laser system, chitetezo chamunthu, njira zowongolera zoopsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zochenjeza, kupereka lipoti la zochitika, komanso kumvetsetsa momwe ma lasers amakhudzira maso ndi khungu.
Njira zowongolera:
Yang'anirani mosamalitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ma laser, makamaka m'malo omwe anthu amakhalapo, kuti asawonekere mwangozi, makamaka m'maso.
Chenjezani anthu mderalo musanagwiritse ntchito ma laser amphamvu kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense wavala zovala zoteteza maso.
Tumizani zizindikiro zochenjeza mkati ndi mozungulira malo ogwirira ntchito a laser ndi polowera kuti ziwonetse kukhalapo kwa zoopsa za laser.
Madera Olamulidwa ndi Laser:
Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito laser kumadera enieni, olamulidwa.
Gwiritsani ntchito alonda a zitseko ndi maloko otetezedwa kuti mupewe mwayi wosaloledwa, kuwonetsetsa kuti ma laser amasiya kugwira ntchito ngati zitseko zatsegulidwa mosayembekezereka.
Pewani zinthu zowunikira pafupi ndi ma lasers kuti mupewe zowunikira zomwe zitha kuvulaza anthu.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Machenjezo ndi Zizindikiro Zachitetezo:
Ikani zizindikiro zochenjeza kunja ndi zowongolera zida za laser kuti ziwonetse zoopsa zomwe zingachitike.
Zolemba ZachitetezoZazinthu za Laser:
1. Zida zonse za laser ziyenera kukhala ndi zilembo zachitetezo zowonetsa machenjezo, magulu a radiation, ndi komwe ma radiation amatuluka.
2.Malemba amayenera kuyikidwa pomwe amawonekera mosavuta popanda kukumana ndi cheza cha laser.
Valani Magalasi Oteteza Laser Kuti Muteteze Maso Anu ku Laser
Zida zodzitetezera (PPE) zachitetezo cha laser zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yomaliza pomwe zowongolera zaumisiri ndi kasamalidwe sizingathe kuchepetsa ngozi.Izi zikuphatikizapo magalasi otetezera laser ndi zovala:
Magalasi Otetezedwa a Laser amateteza maso anu pochepetsa kuwala kwa laser.Ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira:
⚫Kutsimikiziridwa ndi kulembedwa molingana ndi miyezo ya dziko.
⚫Yoyenera mtundu wa laser, kutalika kwa mafunde, mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito (osalekeza kapena osunthika), komanso makonzedwe amagetsi.
⚫Olembedwa bwino kuti athandize kusankha magalasi oyenera a laser.
⚫Mafelemu ndi zishango zakumbali ziyeneranso kupereka chitetezo.
Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu woyenera wa magalasi otetezera kuti muteteze ku laser yeniyeni yomwe mukugwira nayo ntchito, poganizira mawonekedwe ake komanso malo omwe mukukhala.
Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera, ngati maso anu atha kuwonedwabe ndi ma radiation a laser kuposa malire otetezeka, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi oteteza omwe amafanana ndi kutalika kwa laser komanso kukhala ndi kachulukidwe koyenera kuti muteteze maso anu.
Musamangodalira magalasi otetezera;osayang'ana mwachindunji mumtengo wa laser ngakhale mutavala.
Kusankha Zovala Zoteteza Laser:
Perekani zovala zoyenera zodzitetezera kwa ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi ma radiation opitilira mulingo wa Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) pakhungu;izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kukhudzana ndi khungu.
Zovala ziyenera kupangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe sizingatenthe ndi moto komanso zosatentha.
Yesetsani kuphimba khungu lochuluka momwe mungathere ndi zida zotetezera.
Momwe Mungatetezere Khungu Lanu Ku kuwonongeka kwa Laser:
Valani zovala zogwirira ntchito za manja aatali zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosagwira moto.
M'madera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi laser, ikani makatani ndi mapanelo otchinga kuwala opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosagwira moto zomwe zimakutidwa ndi silikoni yakuda kapena yabuluu kuti itenge kuwala kwa UV ndikutchinga kuwala kwa infrared, motero kuteteza khungu ku radiation ya laser.
Ndikofunikira kusankha zida zoyenera zodzitetezera (PPE) ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo mukamagwira ntchito ndi ma laser kapena mozungulira.Izi zikuphatikiza kumvetsetsa zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma lasers ndikumvetsetsanjira zodzitetezera kuti ziteteze maso ndi khungu ku zoopsa zomwe zingachitike.
Pomaliza ndi Chidule
Chodzikanira:
- Apa tikulengeza kuti zithunzi zina zomwe zikuwonetsedwa patsamba lathu zatengedwa kuchokera pa intaneti ndi Wikipedia, ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa maphunziro ndi kugawana zambiri.Timalemekeza ufulu wazinthu zaluntha wa onse opanga.Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzizi sikungofuna kupindula ndi malonda.
- Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti zilizonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuphwanya ufulu wanu, chonde titumizireni.Ndife okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu moyenera, kuphatikiza kuchotsa zithunzi kapena kupereka mawonekedwe oyenera, kuti tiwonetsetse kuti tikutsatira malamulo ndi malamulo azinthu zaukadaulo.Cholinga chathu ndikusunga nsanja yomwe ili ndi zinthu zambiri, yachilungamo, komanso yolemekeza ufulu waukadaulo wa ena.
- Chonde titumizireni pa imelo iyi:sales@lumispot.cn.Tikudzipereka kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga tikalandira zidziwitso zilizonse ndikutsimikizira mgwirizano wa 100% pothana ndi vuto lililonse ngati limeneli.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-08-2024