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Kwenikweni, kupompa kwa laser ndi njira yopatsa mphamvu chida cholumikizira magetsi kuti chifike pamalo pomwe chingathe kutulutsa kuwala kwa laser. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika polowetsa kuwala kapena magetsi mu chidacho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maatomu ake azitha kutulutsa kuwala kogwirizana. Njira yoyambira iyi yasintha kwambiri kuyambira pomwe ma laser oyamba adawonekera pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi ma equation a rate, laser pumping kwenikweni ndi njira ya quantum mechanical. Imakhala ndi kuyanjana kovuta pakati pa ma photon ndi kapangidwe ka atomiki kapena ma molecular a gain medium. Ma model apamwamba amaganizira zochitika monga Rabi oscillations, zomwe zimapereka kumvetsetsa bwino kwa kuyanjana kumeneku.
Kupompa kwa laser ndi njira yomwe mphamvu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati kuwala kapena magetsi, imaperekedwa ku chipangizo chopezera mphamvu cha laser kuti chikweze maatomu kapena mamolekyu ake kufika pamlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu. Kusamutsa mphamvu kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu azitha kusintha, momwe tinthu tambiri timasangalalira kuposa momwe mphamvu imakhalira yotsika, zomwe zimathandiza chipangizocho kuti chiwonjezere kuwala kudzera mu mpweya wolimbikitsa. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuyanjana kwa quantum, komwe nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi ma equation a rate kapena ma framework apamwamba kwambiri a quantum mechanical. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi monga kusankha komwe kumachokera pampu (monga ma laser diode kapena nyali zotulutsira), mawonekedwe a pump (kupompa mbali kapena kumapeto), ndi kukonza bwino mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa pump (spectrum, intensity, beam quality, polarization) kuti igwirizane ndi zofunikira za chipangizo chopezera mphamvu. Kupompa kwa laser ndikofunikira kwambiri m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya laser, kuphatikiza ma solid-state, semiconductor, ndi gas lasers, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti laser igwire bwino ntchito komanso moyenera.
Mitundu ya Ma Laser Opompedwa ndi Optical
1. Ma Laser Olimba Okhala ndi Zoteteza Zopanda Dope
· Chidule:Ma laser amenewa amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotetezera magetsi ndipo amadalira kupompa kwa kuwala kuti apatse mphamvu ma ayoni omwe amagwira ntchito ndi laser. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi neodymium mu ma laser a YAG.
·Kafukufuku Waposachedwapa:Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi A. Antipov ndi anzake akukambirana za laser ya solid-state near-IR yogwiritsira ntchito spin-exchange optical pumping. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa laser ya solid-state, makamaka mu near-infrared spectrum, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito monga kujambula zamankhwala ndi kulumikizana.
Kuwerenga Kowonjezera:Laser Yofanana ndi ya IR Yokhazikika Yopopera Ma Optical Spin-Exchange
2. Ma laser a Semiconductor
·Chidziwitso Chonse: Kawirikawiri ma laser a semiconductor amapopedwa ndi magetsi, amathanso kupindula ndi kupopedwa kwa kuwala, makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumafuna kuwala kwambiri, monga Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VECSELs).
·Zatsopano: Ntchito ya U. Keller pa ma optical frequency combs ochokera ku ultrafast solid-state ndi semiconductor lasers imapereka chidziwitso pakupanga ma stable frequency combs ochokera ku diode-pumped solid-state ndi semiconductor lasers. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mu optical frequency metrology.
Kuwerenga Kowonjezera:Zitsulo zama frequency optical kuchokera ku ma lasers olimba kwambiri komanso a semiconductor
3. Ma laser a Gasi
·Kupopa kwa Magalasi a Gasi: Mitundu ina ya magalasi a gasi, monga magalasi a nthunzi ya alkali, imagwiritsa ntchito kupopa kwa kuwala. Magalasi amenewa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna magwero owunikira ogwirizana okhala ndi mawonekedwe enaake.
Magwero a Kupopera kwa Optical
Nyali Zotulutsa Mphamvu: Kawirikawiri m'ma laser opompedwa ndi nyali, nyali zotulutsa mpweya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zapamwamba komanso spectrum yotakata. YA Mandryko ndi ena adapanga chitsanzo cha mphamvu yopanga kutulutsa mpweya wa arc mu active media optical pumping xenon lamps za solid-state lasers. Chitsanzochi chimathandiza kukonza magwiridwe antchito a nyali zopompedwa ndi mpweya, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti laser igwire bwino ntchito.
Ma Diode a Laser:Ma laser diode omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma laser opompedwa ndi diode amapereka zabwino monga kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, kukula kochepa, komanso kuthekera kosinthidwa bwino.
Kuwerenga kwina:Kodi laser diode ndi chiyani?
Nyali Zowala: Ma nyali a Flash ndi magwero amphamvu, okhala ndi ma spectrum ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popopera ma laser olimba, monga ma laser a ruby kapena Nd:YAG. Amapereka kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri komwe kumasangalatsa chipangizo cha laser.
Nyali za Arc: Mofanana ndi nyali zowala koma zopangidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito mosalekeza, nyali za arc zimapereka kuwala kokhazikika. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ntchito ya laser yopitilira mafunde (CW) imafunika.
Ma LED (Ma Diode Otulutsa Kuwala)Ngakhale kuti si ofala kwambiri ngati ma laser diode, ma LED angagwiritsidwe ntchito popopera kuwala m'magwiritsidwe ena amagetsi ochepa. Ndi abwino chifukwa amakhala nthawi yayitali, mtengo wotsika, komanso kupezeka kwawo m'mafunde osiyanasiyana.
Kuwala kwa dzuwa: Mu njira zina zoyesera, kuwala kwa dzuwa kokhazikika kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la mapampu a ma laser opangidwa ndi dzuwa. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale gwero lobwezerezedwanso komanso lotsika mtengo, ngakhale kuti silingathe kulamuliridwa bwino komanso lochepa mphamvu poyerekeza ndi magwero opanga kuwala.
Ma Diode a Laser Ophatikizidwa ndi Ulusi: Awa ndi ma laser diode olumikizidwa ndi ulusi wa kuwala, omwe amapereka kuwala kwa pampu bwino kwambiri ku laser medium. Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri makamaka mu fiber lasers komanso m'malo omwe kuperekedwa molondola kwa kuwala kwa pampu ndikofunikira.
Ma Laser Ena: Nthawi zina, laser imodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupompa ina. Mwachitsanzo, laser ya Nd: YAG yokhala ndi ma frequency-doubled ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupompa laser ya utoto. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamene ma wavelength enaake amafunika kuti pakhale njira yopompa yomwe siipezeka mosavuta ndi magwero a kuwala wamba.
Laser yopopedwa ndi diode
Gwero Loyamba la Mphamvu: Njirayi imayamba ndi diode laser, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati gwero la pampu. Ma diode laser amasankhidwa chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito bwino, kukula kwake kochepa, komanso kuthekera kwawo kutulutsa kuwala pa mafunde enaake.
Kuwala kwa Pampu:Laser ya diode imatulutsa kuwala komwe kumayamwa ndi solid-state gain medium. Kutalika kwa mafunde a laser ya diode kumapangidwa kuti kugwirizane ndi mawonekedwe a kuyamwa kwa gain medium.
Boma LolimbaPezani Pakati
Zipangizo:Gain medium mu ma laser a DPSS nthawi zambiri imakhala chinthu cholimba monga Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet), Nd:YVO4 (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Orthovanadate), kapena Yb:YAG (Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet).
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo:Zipangizozi zimaphatikizidwa ndi ma ayoni a rare-earth (monga Nd kapena Yb), omwe ndi ma ayoni a laser omwe amagwira ntchito.
Kutenga Mphamvu ndi Chisangalalo:Pamene kuwala kwa pampu kuchokera ku diode laser kulowa mu gain medium, ma ion a rare-earth amayamwa mphamvu imeneyi ndikusangalala ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Kusintha kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu
Kukwaniritsa Kusintha kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu:Chinsinsi cha laser action ndikukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa anthu mu gain medium. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma ions ambiri ali mu excited state kuposa mu ground state.
Kutulutsa mpweya woipa:Kusinthika kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kukachitika, kuyambitsa fotoni yofanana ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maiko okondwa ndi nthaka kungathandize kuti ma ayoni okondwa abwerere ku maiko okondwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fotoni ituluke mu ndondomekoyi.
Chowunikira cha Kuwala
Magalasi: Chowunikira chimayikidwa mkati mwa chowunikira cha optical, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi magalasi awiri kumapeto kwa chowunikiracho.
Kuyankha ndi Kukulitsa: Galasi limodzi limawala kwambiri, ndipo lina limawala pang'ono. Ma photoni amabwerera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo pakati pa magalasi awa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wambiri utuluke ndikuwonjezera kuwala.
Kutulutsa kwa Laser
Kuwala Kogwirizana: Ma photoni omwe amatuluka amakhala ogwirizana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ali mu gawo ndipo ali ndi kutalika kwa mafunde kofanana.
Chotulutsa: Galasi lowala pang'ono limalola kuwala kwina kudutsa, ndikupanga kuwala kwa laser komwe kumatuluka mu laser ya DPSS.
Kupompa Ma Geometri: Kupompa Mbali vs. Kumapeto
| Njira Yopopera | Kufotokozera | Mapulogalamu | Ubwino | Mavuto |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kupopera Mbali | Kuwala kwa pampu kunayikidwa molunjika ku chipangizo cha laser | Ndodo kapena laser ya fiber | Kugawa kwa nyali ya pampu mofanana, koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu zambiri | Kugawa kwa phindu kosagwirizana, khalidwe lotsika la kuwala |
| Kupopera Mapeto | Kuwala kwa pampu komwe kumayendetsedwa motsatira mzere womwewo ndi kuwala kwa laser | Ma laser olimba monga Nd:YAG | Kugawa phindu kofanana, khalidwe la kuwala kwa dzuwa lapamwamba | Kulinganiza kovuta, kutayira kutentha kosagwira ntchito bwino mu ma laser amphamvu kwambiri |
Zofunikira pa Kuwala Koyenera kwa Pampu
| Chofunikira | Kufunika | Zotsatira/Kukwanira | Zolemba Zowonjezera |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kuyenerera kwa Spectrum | Kutalika kwa mafunde kuyenera kufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa laser medium | Zimathandiza kuti anthu azitha kuyamwa bwino komanso kusintha bwino kuchuluka kwa anthu | - |
| Mphamvu | Iyenera kukhala yokwanira kuti ikwaniritse kuchuluka kwa chisangalalo chomwe mukufuna | Mphamvu yokwera kwambiri ingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa kutentha; kutentha kwambiri sikungapangitse kuti anthu ambiri asinthe | - |
| Ubwino wa Mtanda | Chofunika kwambiri mu ma laser opangidwa ndi pompu | Zimathandizira kuti kuwala kwa laser kukhale kogwirizana bwino komanso kuti kuwalako kukhale kowala bwino. | Ubwino wa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuti kuwala kwa pampu ndi voliyumu ya laser zigwirizane bwino. |
| Kugawanika | Zofunikira pa media yokhala ndi mphamvu za anisotropic | Zimathandizira kuyamwa bwino ndipo zimatha kukhudza kufalikira kwa kuwala kwa laser komwe kumatulutsa | Mkhalidwe weniweni wa polarization ungafunike |
| Phokoso Lamphamvu | Phokoso lochepa ndilofunika kwambiri | Kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ya kuwala kwa pampu kungakhudze ubwino ndi kukhazikika kwa kutulutsa kwa laser | Chofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kukhazikika kwambiri komanso kulondola |
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-01-2023