Mfundo yayikulu yogwirira ntchito ya laser (Kukulitsa Kuwala ndi Stimulated Emission of Radiation) imachokera pazochitika za kutuluka kwa kuwala. Kupyolera mu mndandanda wa mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe ake enieni, ma lasers amapanga matanda ogwirizana kwambiri, monochromaticity, ndi kuwala. Ma laser amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wamakono, kuphatikiza m'magawo monga kulumikizana, zamankhwala, kupanga, kuyeza, ndi kafukufuku wasayansi. Kuchita bwino kwawo komanso kuwongolera moyenera kumawapangitsa kukhala gawo lalikulu laukadaulo wambiri. Pansipa pali tsatanetsatane wa mfundo zogwirira ntchito za lasers ndi njira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lasers.
1. Kutulutsa kolimbikitsa
Kutulutsa kolimbikitsidwandiye mfundo yofunika kwambiri pakupanga laser, yomwe idaperekedwa koyamba ndi Einstein mu 1917. Chodabwitsa ichi chikufotokozera momwe ma photon ogwirizana amapangidwira kudzera mu mgwirizano pakati pa kuwala ndi chinthu chosangalatsa. Kuti timvetsetse bwino kutulutsa kosonkhezeredwa, tiyeni tiyambe ndi kutulutsa kochitika:
Kutuluka Modzidzimutsa: Mu ma atomu, mamolekyu, kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, ma electron amatha kuyamwa mphamvu zakunja (monga magetsi kapena kuwala) ndikusintha kupita kumlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, womwe umadziwika kuti dziko losangalala. Komabe, ma elekitironi osangalala amakhala osakhazikika ndipo pamapeto pake amabwerera kumlingo wocheperako, womwe umadziwika kuti dziko lapansi, pakapita nthawi yochepa. Panthawi imeneyi, electron imatulutsa photon, yomwe imatuluka mwadzidzidzi. Ma photon oterowo amangochitika mwachisawawa potengera ma frequency, gawo, ndi njira, ndipo motero samalumikizana.
Kutulutsa kolimbikitsidwa: Chinsinsi chothandizira kutulutsa mpweya ndikuti pamene electron yokondwa ikukumana ndi photon ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi mphamvu yake yosinthira, photon ikhoza kuyambitsa electron kuti ibwerere ku nthaka pamene ikutulutsa photon yatsopano. Photon yatsopanoyo ndi yofanana ndi yoyambayo potengera mafupipafupi, gawo, ndi njira yofalitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwala kogwirizana. Chodabwitsa ichi chimakulitsa kwambiri chiwerengero ndi mphamvu za photons ndipo ndi njira yaikulu ya lasers.
Ndemanga Zabwino Zomwe Zimakhudza Kutulutsa Kokoka: Pakupanga ma lasers, njira yolimbikitsira yotulutsa imabwerezedwa kangapo, ndipo zotsatira zabwino zoyankha zimatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma photon. Mothandizidwa ndi phokoso la resonant, kugwirizana kwa photons kumasungidwa, ndipo mphamvu ya kuwala kwa kuwala ikuwonjezeka mosalekeza.
2. Pezani Pakati
Thekupeza mediumndiye chinthu chachikulu mu laser chomwe chimatsimikizira kukulitsa kwa ma photons ndi kutulutsa kwa laser. Ndilo maziko akuthupi olimbikitsa kutulutsa, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amatsimikizira ma frequency, kutalika kwa mafunde, ndi mphamvu zotulutsa za laser. Mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a sing'anga yopindula zimakhudza mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito a laser.
Njira Yosangalatsa: Ma electron omwe ali mu gain medium amayenera kusangalatsidwa mpaka kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi mphamvu yakunja. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imatheka ndi machitidwe operekera mphamvu kunja. Njira zodziwika bwino zokomera mtima ndi izi:
Kupopa kwa Magetsi: Kusangalatsa ma elekitironi mu sing'anga yopindula pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi.
Kupopa kwa Optical: Kusangalatsa sing'anga ndi gwero lowala (monga nyali yowunikira kapena laser ina).
Energy Levels System: Ma electron omwe ali mu gain sing'anga nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu enaake amphamvu. Ambiri ndimachitidwe awirindimachitidwe anayi. Mu dongosolo losavuta la magawo awiri, ma electron amasintha kuchokera pansi kupita ku dziko losangalala ndikubwerera ku nthaka kupyolera mu mpweya wolimbikitsidwa. Mu dongosolo la magawo anayi, ma elekitironi amakumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a mphamvu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa mphamvu zambiri.
Mitundu ya Gain Media:
Gas Gain Medium: Mwachitsanzo, ma laser a helium-neon (He-Ne). Makanema opeza gasi amadziwika ndi kutulutsa kwawo kokhazikika komanso kutalika kwake kokhazikika, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati magwero owunikira mu labotale.
Liquid Gain Medium: Mwachitsanzo, ma lasers opaka utoto. Mamolekyu a utoto ali ndi zinthu zabwino zokomera mafunde osiyanasiyana, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa ma lasers osinthika.
Solid Gain Medium: Mwachitsanzo, ma lasers a Nd(neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet). Ma lasers awa ndi othandiza kwambiri komanso amphamvu, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podula mafakitale, kuwotcherera, komanso ntchito zamankhwala.
Semiconductor Gain Medium: Mwachitsanzo, zinthu za gallium arsenide (GaAs) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zoyankhulirana ndi optoelectronic monga ma laser diode.
3. Resonator Cavity
Theresonator cavityndi gawo lamapangidwe mu laser lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankha ndi kukulitsa. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ma photon omwe amapangidwa kudzera muulamuliro wosonkhezeredwa ndikuwawunikira ndikuwakulitsa mkati mwa mtsempha, motero kutulutsa kutulutsa kwamphamvu komanso kolunjika kwa laser.
Mapangidwe a Resonator Cavity: Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magalasi awiri ofanana. Chimodzi ndi galasi lowala bwino, lotchedwagalasi lakumbuyo, ndipo chinacho ndi galasi lowala pang'ono, lotchedwagalasi lotulutsa. Mafotoni amawonekera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo mkati mwa kabowo ndipo amakulitsidwa mwa kuyanjana ndi sing'anga yopeza.
Resonance Condition: Mapangidwe a kabowo ka resonator ayenera kukwaniritsa zinthu zina, monga kuwonetsetsa kuti ma photon akupanga mafunde oyimirira mkati mwa mphako. Izi zimafuna kutalika kwa patsekeke kuti zikhale zochulukirapo za laser wavelength. Mafunde opepuka okha omwe amakwaniritsa izi ndi omwe amatha kukulitsidwa bwino mkati mwa patsekeke.
Kutulutsa kwa Beam: Kalilore wonyezimira pang'ono amalola kuti gawo lina la kuwala kokulirapo lidutse, ndikupanga mtengo wa laser. Mtengo uwu uli ndi mayendedwe apamwamba, kulumikizana, komanso monochromaticity.
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri kapena mukufuna ma lasers, chonde omasuka kulumikizana nafe:
Lumispot
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Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-18-2024