M'chilengezo chochititsa chidwi madzulo a Okutobala 3, 2023, Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi ya chaka cha 2023 idawululidwa, pozindikira zomwe asayansi atatu achita omwe adachita nawo gawo lofunikira kwambiri ngati apainiya muukadaulo wa attosecond laser.

Mawu oti "attosecond laser" amachokera ku nthawi yayifupi kwambiri yomwe imagwira ntchito, makamaka motsatira ma attoseconds, ofanana ndi 10 ^ -18 masekondi. Kuti timvetsetse tanthauzo laukadaulo uwu, kumvetsetsa kofunikira kwa zomwe atosecond amatanthawuza ndikofunikira kwambiri. Attosecond imayimira nthawi yayitali kwambiri, yomwe imapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo 1 biliyoni a sekondi imodzi mkati mwa sekondi imodzi. Kuti timvetse mfundo imeneyi, tikati tiyerekeze n’chimodzi ndi phiri lalitali, chimbalangondochi chingakhale ngati mchenga umodzi wokhazikika m’munsi mwa phirilo. Pakanthawi kochepa kameneka, ngakhale kuwala sikungadutse mtunda wofanana ndi kukula kwa atomu imodzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma laser a attosecond lasers, asayansi amapeza kuthekera kosaneneka kowunika ndikuwongolera mphamvu zama elekitironi mkati mwazinthu za atomiki, monga kubwereza pang'onopang'ono kwa chimango ndi chimango mumndandanda wamakanema, potero ndikuwunika momwe amachitira.

Ma lasers a Attosecondzikuyimira chimaliziro cha kafukufuku wozama komanso zoyeserera zochitidwa ndi asayansi, omwe agwiritsa ntchito mfundo za optics zopanda mzere kupanga ma lasers othamanga kwambiri. Kubwera kwawo kwatipatsa mwayi wowonera ndikuwunika kwamphamvu kwa ma atomu, mamolekyu, ngakhale ma elekitironi muzinthu zolimba.

Kuti timvetsetse mtundu wa ma lasers a attosecond ndikuyamikira mawonekedwe awo osagwirizana ndi ma lasers wamba, ndikofunikira kufufuza magawo awo mkati mwa "banja la laser". Kugawikana ndi kutalika kwa mafunde kumayika ma lasers a attosecond makamaka mkati mwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ultraviolet kupita ku ma X-ray ofewa, kutanthauza kutalika kwawo kwakufupi kwambiri kusiyana ndi ma laser wamba. Pankhani yamitundu yotulutsa, ma laser a attosecond amagwera m'gulu la ma pulsed lasers, omwe amadziwika ndi kutalika kwawo kwakanthawi kochepa. Kuti ajambule fanizo kuti limveke bwino, munthu amatha kuganiza ma laser opitilira muyeso ngati tochi yomwe imatulutsa kuwala kosalekeza, pomwe ma pulsed lasers amafanana ndi kuwala kwa strobe, kusinthasintha mwachangu pakati pa nthawi zowunikira ndi mdima. M'malo mwake, ma laser a attosecond amawonetsa kugwedezeka mkati mwa kuunika ndi mdima, komabe kusintha kwawo pakati pa mayiko awiriwa kumachitika pafupipafupi modabwitsa, kufikira malo a attoseconds.

Kuyikanso m'magulu amphamvu kumayika ma lasers kukhala mabulaketi amphamvu otsika, apakati, ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Ma laser a Attosecond amapeza mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha kugunda kwafupipafupi kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yodziwika bwino (P) - yomwe imatanthauzidwa ngati mphamvu yamphamvu pa nthawi ya unit (P=W/t). Ngakhale ma pulse a attosecond laser pawokha sangakhale ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri (W), kufupikitsa kwawo kwakanthawi (t) kumawapatsa mphamvu yokwera kwambiri.

Pankhani ya madera ogwiritsira ntchito, ma lasers amayenda mosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza ntchito zamakampani, zamankhwala, ndi sayansi. Ma lasers a Attosecond amapeza kagawo kakang'ono ka kafukufuku wa sayansi, makamaka pakufufuza zinthu zomwe zikuyenda mwachangu m'magawo a physics ndi chemistry, zomwe zimapereka mwayi wowona momwe dziko lapansi limasinthira mwachangu.

Kugawika kwa laser sing'anga kumatanthawuza ma lasers ngati ma laser a gasi, ma laser-state, ma lasers amadzimadzi, ndi ma semiconductor lasers. Kupangidwa kwa ma lasers a attosecond nthawi zambiri kumadalira pa media media, kutengera mawonekedwe osagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe kuti apange ma harmonics apamwamba kwambiri.

Mwachidule, ma lasers a attosecond amapanga gulu lapadera la ma laser aafupi-pulse, osiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kwawo kwakanthawi kochepa, komwe kumayezedwa ndi ma attoseconds. Zotsatira zake, akhala zida zofunika kwambiri zowonera ndikuwongolera ma elekitironi othamanga kwambiri mkati mwa maatomu, mamolekyu, ndi zida zolimba.

Njira Yowonjezera ya Attosecond Laser Generation

Ukadaulo wa laser wa Attosecond uli patsogolo pazatsopano zasayansi, ukudzitamandira motsatizana ndi mikhalidwe yokhazikika pamibadwo yake. Kuti timvetsetse zovuta za m'badwo wa attosecond laser, timayamba ndi kufotokoza mwachidule za mfundo zake zoyambira, ndikutsatiridwa ndi mafanizo omveka bwino ochokera kuzochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Owerenga osazindikira zovuta zafizikiki yoyenera sayenera kutaya mtima, chifukwa mafanizo otsatirawa amafuna kupangitsa kuti fizikiki yoyambira ya attosecond lasers ipezeke.

Njira yopangira ma lasers a attosecond makamaka imadalira njira yotchedwa High Harmonic Generation (HHG). Choyamba, mtengo wamphamvu kwambiri femtosecond (10 ^ -15 masekondi) ma pulses a laser amayang'ana kwambiri pa chandamale cha mpweya. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ma lasers a femtosecond, ofanana ndi ma lasers a attosecond, amagawana mawonekedwe okhala ndi nthawi yayitali komanso mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi gawo lamphamvu la laser, ma elekitironi mkati mwa maatomu a gasi amamasulidwa kwakanthawi kuchokera ku ma atomiki awo, ndikulowa pang'onopang'ono m'malo a ma electron aulere. Ma elekitironi akamazungulira poyankha gawo la laser, pamapeto pake amabwerera ndikulumikizananso ndi ma atomiki a makolo awo, ndikupanga mayiko amphamvu kwambiri.

Panthawi imeneyi, ma elekitironi amayenda mothamanga kwambiri, ndipo akaphatikizananso ndi nyukiliya ya atomiki, amamasula mphamvu zowonjezera monga mpweya wambiri wa harmonic, wowonekera ngati ma photon amphamvu kwambiri.

Mafupipafupi a ma photon omwe angopangidwa kumenewa ndi ophatikizika a ma frequency oyambilira a laser, kupanga zomwe zimatchedwa ma harmonics apamwamba, pomwe "harmonics" imatanthawuza ma frequency omwe ali ophatikizika ma frequency apachiyambi. Kuti mupeze ma lasers a attosecond, pamafunika kusefa ndikuyang'ana kwambiri ma harmonics awa, kusankha ma harmonics enaake ndikuwayika pamalo okhazikika. Ngati mungafune, njira zoponderezera ma pulse zimatha kufupikitsa nthawi ya kugunda kwa mtima, kutulutsa ma pulse amfupi kwambiri pamlingo wa attosecond. Mwachiwonekere, kupanga ma lasers a attosecond kumapanga njira yapamwamba komanso yamitundumitundu, yomwe imafuna luso lapamwamba laukadaulo ndi zida zapadera.

Kuti tipewe zovuta izi, timapereka fanizo lofanana ndi zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku:

High-Intensity Femtosecond Laser Pulses:

Yesetsani kukhala ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chimatha kuponya miyala nthawi yomweyo mothamanga kwambiri, monga momwe amachitira ndi ma pulses amphamvu kwambiri a femtosecond laser.

Zida Zopangira Mafuta:

Taganizirani za madzi abata omwe akuimira mpweya umene ukutuluka, pamene dontho lililonse la madzi limaimira maatomu ambirimbiri a mpweya. Kuthamangitsa miyala m'madzi awa mofananiza kumawonetsa mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri ya femtosecond laser pulses pamagetsi omwe amatsata mpweya.

Electron Motion and Recombination (Kusintha Kwathupi):

Pamene femtosecond laser pulses ikhudza maatomu a mpweya mkati mwa zinthu zomwe mumafuna mpweya, ma elekitironi ambiri akunja amasangalala kwakanthawi mpaka pomwe amachoka ku nuclei yawo ya atomiki, kupanga dziko ngati plasma. Pamene mphamvu ya dongosololi imachepa (popeza ma laser pulse amakhala opangidwa mwachibadwa, okhala ndi nthawi yoleka), ma elekitironi akunjawa amabwerera kufupi ndi nyukiliya ya atomiki, ndikutulutsa ma photon amphamvu kwambiri.

High Harmonic Generation:

Tangoganizani nthawi iliyonse dontho lamadzi likagwera pamwamba pa nyanjayo, limapanga mafunde, ngati maulumikizidwe apamwamba a lasers a attosecond. Ma ripples awa ali ndi ma frequency ndi matalikidwe apamwamba kuposa ma ripples oyambilira omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kugunda kwa laser femtosecond. Panthawi ya HHG, mtengo wamphamvu wa laser, wofanana ndi kuponya miyala mosalekeza, umaunikira chandamale cha gasi, chofanana ndi nyanja. Munda waukulu wa laser uwu umayendetsa ma elekitironi mu gasi, wofanana ndi ma ripples, kutali ndi ma atomu a makolo awo kenako amawakokera kumbuyo. Nthawi iliyonse elekitironi ikabwerera ku atomu, imatulutsa kuwala kwatsopano kwa laser kokhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba kwambiri, ofanana ndi mawonekedwe ocholoka kwambiri.

Kusefa ndi Kuyang'ana:

Kuphatikiza matabwa onse a laser omwe angopangidwa kumene kumapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana (ma frequency kapena mafunde amphamvu), ena omwe amapanga laser ya attosecond. Kuti mulekanitse kukula kwa ma ripples ndi ma frequency, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito fyuluta yapadera, monga kusankha mafunde omwe mukufuna, ndikugwiritsa ntchito galasi lokulitsa kuti liwaloze kudera linalake.

Kupanikizika kwa Pulse (ngati kuli kofunikira):

Ngati mukufuna kufalitsa ma ripples mwachangu komanso mwachidule, mutha kufulumizitsa kufalitsa kwawo pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chapadera, kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe ma ripple onse amakhala. Kupanga ma lasers a attosecond kumaphatikizapo kuyanjana kwazinthu zovuta. Komabe, zikaphwanyidwa ndikuwonetsedwa, zimakhala zomveka bwino.